Active ingredient: Progestin and Ethinyl estradiol

Brand Name: Yaz, Lo Ovral, Ortho-Cyclen, Belara, Yasmin, Diane-35 and others

Drug class: Hormonal Contraceptives

Mechanism of Action:

Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing progestin and ethinyl estradiol work by mimicking the effects of natural progesterone and estrogen. Their molecular mechanism of action involves suppressing the release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) through negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This prevents ovulation, as the suppression of LH surge inhibits the release of an egg from the ovary.

Application: COCs are used for birth control, regulating menstrual cycles, treating acne, and managing conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or endometriosis.

Effect on fertility biomarkers

COCs temporarily suppress fertility by preventing ovulation. However, ovulation is not always fully suppressed in every cycle. When ovulation does occur, COCs still prevent pregnancy by altering the structure of the endometrium (the lining of the uterus), making it less suitable for implantation. Even if fertilization happens, the modified endometrium prevents the fertilized egg from implanting, so pregnancy does not develop. Cervical mucus is also thickened by progestin, further reducing the likelihood of sperm penetration and fertilization. Thus, COCs provide multiple layers of protection against pregnancy.

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Ovulation, Mucus

View the chart

References:

Steward R, Melamed A, Granat A, Mishell DR Jr. Comparison of cervical mucus of 24/4 vs. 21/7 combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2012 Dec;86(6):710-5. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.004. Epub 2012 Jun 6. PMID: 22682723.

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Disclaimer: The information provided may not include all possible interactions or side effects of medication. The effects on fertility biomarkers can vary and may depend on the dosage, how long the medication is used, the medical condition, or other factors. This database is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your healthcare provider or a qualified health professional if you have questions about medications, fertility, or medical conditions.